问题：烷基糖苷的合成及进展
类型：推荐
提问：jikyhoby
等级：▲
版块：糖类化学()
信誉：60%
回复：40
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时间：2005-10-31 01:19:07 编辑加入/取消收藏订制/取消短消息举报该贴

1．1 直接糖苷化法(一步法)
直接糖苷化法是由葡萄糖和高碳脂肪醇在酸性催化剂作用下直接合成APG的方法。该法在技术
上比较复杂，这是由于醇的碳链较长，分子极性相对减弱，和糖的互溶性减小使得催化剂的选择及工艺
条件的控制显得甚为重要的结果。目前，国内对于直接糖苷化法的催化剂的选择及工艺条件改进的研
究已取得的一定的成果。常被采用的催化剂主要有对甲苯磺酸、
十二烷基苯磺酸、复合催化剂等。
吕树祥等采用对甲苯磺酸为催化剂，以D一葡萄糖和正十二醇为原料直接合成十二烷基糖苷，并
探讨了工艺条件对反应速率、产物收率与色泽的影响。结果表明，催化剂用量对产物色泽无影响，选择
适宜的中和剂Mgo，既可提高产物的收率又可改善产物的色泽。实验所确定的最佳工艺条件为：醇与
糖的摩尔比为4：1，反应温度1l0—120~C，反应时间4h，反应压力4kPa，搅拌速率大于840 r／min，对甲苯
磺酸与葡萄糖的摩尔比为1．5％。产物为乳白色，十二烷基糖苷总收率大于89％。
采用十二烷基苯磺酸为催化剂，以葡萄糖和正十二醇为原料直接合成十二烷基糖苷，
30
并通过正交实验优化了最佳工艺条件：正十二醇与葡萄糖摩尔比为5：1，催化剂与葡萄糖摩尔比为0．
005：1，反应温度为120℃ ，反应时间为3h，反应压力为5．3—8KPa，得到的十二烷基糖苷产率为89．
23％。
采用以EDTA、十二烷基苯磺酸钠和磷酸为主要成份的复合催化剂催化合成十二烷基
葡萄糖苷，考察了此非均相反应体系中的反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量以及醇糖比对反应过程的影
响，实验所采用的复合催化剂的组成为：EDTA、十二烷基苯磺酸钠和磷酸3种物质的质量比为m(ED—
TA)：m(t,AS)：m(n3Po4)=5—15：35—45：45—55。确定出的最佳工艺条件为：反应温度为120qC，ITI
(醇)／m(糖)比为5：1，复合催化剂与葡萄糖质量比为0．008：1，反应时间为3．5h。该工艺获得的糖苷
得率(糖苷量与反应原料中葡萄糖量之比)可达到132．4％。该方法具有合成路线短、能耗小、易操作、
成本低等优点，有较大的开发应用价值和广阔的市场前景。
在直接苷化法中，上述不同催化剂所起作用明显不同。研究表明L5 对于以月桂醇、葡萄糖为原料
合成十二烷基葡萄苷的反应中，在一定工艺条件下，使用不同催化剂所得的糖苷得率有很大差别，其中，
所得的糖苷得率最高的催化剂是复合催化剂，其次是十二烷基苯磺酸，然后是对甲苯磺酸。
1．2转糖苷化法(二步法)
转糖苷化法分两步，首先由葡萄糖和低碳醇(一般为丁醇)反应生成低碳链糖苷，再由低碳链糖苷
和高碳醇进行醇交换反应生成高碳链糖苷。此法较好地解决了原料间的相溶性问题，使合成比较易于
实现 J。用转糖苷化法合成烷基糖苷的主要研究方向是对催化剂的选择，这在国内也有相当多的报
道，其中使用效果较好的催化剂如下。
1．2．1无机酸
常用的是硫酸和磷酸。汪帆等L7 在实验中考察了这两种催化剂对反应的影响。从反应速度上看，
硫酸的催化效果较好；从所生成的丁基糖苷上看，与用磷酸做催化剂时相比，用硫酸作催化剂的产品中
残糖含量较低，但产品色泽较差，且在脱色时不易调节PH值。另外，硫酸比较易得，且成本较低。因
此，用硫酸作催化剂，虽然存在着一些不足之处，但综合而言还是以硫酸做催化剂较合适。汪帆等人在
确定以硫酸为最佳催化剂后，进一步研究了该反应的最佳工艺条件：葡萄糖：丁醇：正十二醇的摩尔比为
1：4：1，硫酸用量为反应物(葡萄糖糖和正丁醇)的1．O％，丁苷化反应时间2h，反应温度108℃ 一115℃ 。
产率可达95％以上。
1．2．2磺酸类催化剂
磺酸类催化剂由于其克服了无机酸催化剂对设备腐蚀大，三废污染严重等缺点而被广泛使用。湖
南轻工研究所的聂晖利用对甲基苯磺酸为催化剂催化合成烷基糖苷，考察了不同催化剂对葡萄糖转
化率的影响，确定了最佳工艺条件：正丁醇与高碳醇的摩尔比为1：1，醇与糖的摩尔比为3，反应温度为
11O℃ 一115℃，反应时间为1．5h，葡萄糖的转化率为98％。在应用磺酸类催化剂催化合成烷基糖苷的
研究中，除了对甲基苯磺酸使用较多外，常用的还有价格较低的十二烷基苯磺酸。詹国平等[9 采用十
二烷基苯磺酸为催化剂合成了烷基糖苷。实验确定了适宜的工艺条件：n(葡萄糖)：n(正丁醇)：n(月
桂醇)：n(催化剂)=1：6：15：O．005，反应温度为110℃ 一120℃ ，反应时间为4h。该反应平均收率为65．
5％。此工艺设备简单、操作方便、原料成本低。
1．2．3固体超强酸
固体超强酸是一种制备方法简单，与产品容易分离，遇水不分解，化学稳定性和热稳定性好，容易
再生，可反复使用的催化剂。它具有很高的催化效率，对设备的腐蚀小，对环境的三废污染少。近年来，
以固体超强酸为催化剂合成烷基糖苷越来越受到研究人员的重视。蒋爱琴等【1训利用固体超强酸Ti0：／
SO。一催化合成了烷基糖苷，并与以有机酸为催化剂合成的产品进行了性能比较。实验表明，在固体酸
催化下3h基本反应完全，这与有机酸的催化效果相当；采用固体超强酸为催化剂与采用有机酸为催化

剂制得的产品性能相近。

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回复人：168344576,▲ (化工技术员) 时间：2006-01-23 12:52:51 编辑	1楼
我做做看

回复人：hong_shou,▲ (我想在有机化学的大海中畅游!) 时间：2006-01-24 13:47:33 编辑	2楼
dddddddddddddddddd

回复人：rzzhouhao,▲ (交流) 时间：2006-02-20 14:36:37 编辑	3楼
资源不错，加0.1分

回复人：408848307,▲ (做糖的，请大家多多指教！) 时间：2011-04-11 09:48:23 编辑	4楼
好东西了啊！吸收。

回复人：hcj,▲▲▲ () 时间：2006-03-06 21:48:51 编辑	5楼
这个怎么样?有看过的吗?好的话我就支付这1分看一下.

回复人：huxinl,▲ (good) 时间：2006-03-07 17:50:10 编辑	6楼
资源不错，加0.3分

回复人：Yan,★ (他山之石，可以攻玉) 时间：2006-03-07 22:49:51 编辑	7楼
资源不错，加0.3分

回复人：Yan,★ (他山之石，可以攻玉) 时间：2006-03-07 22:50:44 编辑	8楼
骚哥不一般的骚

回复人：huxinl,▲ (good) 时间：2006-03-11 10:58:53 编辑	9楼
资源不错，加0.3分

回复人：flychem,★ () 时间：2006-03-22 08:30:08 编辑	10楼
资源不错，加0.3分

回复人：ypwang,▲ (接受论坛规则和论坛协议) 时间：2006-03-27 13:29:43 编辑	11楼
资源不错，加0.3分

回复人：168344576,▲ (化工技术员) 时间：2006-07-24 17:45:30 编辑	12楼
该文献与实际的做法有较大差异，特别是反应速度。另外后处理也比较难。

回复人：dashing,★ (油田化学/高分子合成 http://bbs.petroren.com/?fromuid=9653) 时间：2006-07-24 17:56:01 编辑	13楼
资源不错，加0.3分

回复人：沧海一声笑,★★★ (为国家富强奋斗，为人民疾苦呐喊！) 时间：2006-08-15 21:31:38 编辑	14楼
资源不错，加0.3分

回复人：dawn0675,▲ (化工专业，也在从事化工行业) 时间：2006-09-01 08:56:00 编辑	15楼
我好像没有积分吧？

回复人：wguoyong,▲▲▲▲ (原来做药物化学的，现在从事表面活性剂/洗涤剂研究开发) 时间：2006-09-29 11:13:46 编辑

16楼

烷基多苷（APG）新型表面活性剂
技术简介：
APG是性能较全面的新一代表面活性剂的优良品种，也是国际上近年来致力于开发的新型表面活性剂。本技术以来源丰富的糖类（或淀粉）和脂肪醇为主要原料，采用先进的制备方法与分离手段相结合，工艺路线短，工艺条件不苛刻，制造过程无三废产生，曾经被列为“八五”、“九五”国家科技攻关项目，并通过国家鉴定和验收。本技术的中国专利号为：CN 1077397A。
性能特点及用途：
APG从结构上属非离子表面活性剂，但却具有非离子和阴离子两种表面活性剂的性能。不仅降低表面张力能力大、泡沫丰富、细腻而稳定，去污和配伍性好，而且具有无毒、无刺激、生物降解迅速、完全以及具有杀菌和提高酶活力等独特性能。
APG可用于个人保护用品（香波、洗面奶、浴液等）、民用洗涤剂（餐洗、液洗、肥皂等）、工业洗涤剂及助剂（硬表面清洗剂、乳化剂、防雾剂等）、农业与医药和食品工业（分散剂、酶稳定剂、杀虫除草增效剂等）。产品性能达到国外同类产品水平。
技术指标：
活性物含量：≥50％ pH（10％水溶液）：10—12
外观：浅黄色液体或膏体。游离脂肪醇（月桂醇）：≤1％
HLB值（计算值）：12—16 硫酸盐灰分：≤3％
主要原料及设备：
原料：脂肪醇、可水解为葡萄糖的淀粉、有水（无水）葡萄糖等。
投资及成本：
年产1000吨APG装置（界区内，不包括土建）约280万元，占地面积300平方米；
原料成本：5500元 / 吨
合作方式：
技术转让或技术合作。

[该帖子已被wguoyong在2006-9-29 11:14:30编辑过]

回复人：dashing,★ (油田化学/高分子合成 http://bbs.petroren.com/?fromuid=9653) 时间：2006-09-30 09:33:21 编辑	17楼
APG是不是Henkle做得好？

回复人：bole26462,▲ () 时间：2006-10-19 06:45:47 编辑	18楼
thanks

回复人：flychem,★ () 时间：2006-10-19 08:01:19 编辑	19楼
资源不错，加0.3分

回复人：sugar,▲ (合成未来) 时间：2006-10-23 19:03:05 编辑	20楼
资源不错，加0.3分

回复人：ply,▲ () 时间：2005-10-31 15:02:00 编辑	21楼
资源不错，加0.1分

回复人：蓝色火焰,▲▲ (药物及医药中间体合成) 时间：2005-11-01 09:27:07 编辑	22楼
资源不错，加0.1分

回复人：hcj,▲▲▲ () 时间：2005-11-01 21:08:23 编辑	23楼
好东西！能不能给推荐几本这方面的书？

回复人：Tom,▲ (Pharma) 时间：2005-11-02 09:27:39 编辑	24楼
看看

回复人：hrwen,▲▲ (从事有机合成) 时间：2005-11-03 09:10:25 编辑	25楼
资源不错，加0.1分

回复人：hcj,▲▲▲ () 时间：2005-11-04 20:00:11 编辑	26楼
好东西！

回复人：沧海一声笑,★★★ (为国家富强奋斗，为人民疾苦呐喊！) 时间：2005-11-14 22:45:45 编辑	27楼
资源不错，加0.1分

回复人：maryrf34,▲ (化学研究人员) 时间：2007-12-04 18:22:00 编辑	28楼
不错

回复人：lhnz01,▲ (一个热爱化学的平民) 时间：2008-01-09 20:56:21 编辑	29楼
资源不错，加0.5分

回复人：xfai5754,▲ () 时间：2016-09-15 15:55:58 编辑

30楼

why do pregnant women have a pointed belly?
widely circulated a lot about how to judge the birth of male and female rumors, such as "sharp stomach boy, round belly girl, but experts say, to determine fetal sex by chance by pregnant belly shape, there is no scientific basis. In fact, the pregnant mother belly is pointed round, mainly related to the fetus, fetal head, pregnant mother body, spine, pelvic morphology shape, abdominal muscle thickness of the six factors. in fact, pregnant mother belly is the tip is round, mainly related to the fetus, fetal head, pregnant mother body, spine, pelvic morphology shape, abdominal muscle thickness of the six factors, and not because the fetus is a girl or boy. 1, fetal head the shape of a mother's stomach is largely determined by the size of the fetus. Although the average male baby at birth weight is indeed more important than the female baby, but this gap does not make the pregnant woman's stomach to produce a clear distinction. 2, version fetus in the mother's womb position also affects the shape of the stomach. If the fetus in the womb back toward the mother, then the pregnant woman's stomach will be more prominent; if the fetus in the womb in the face of her mother, it will make the stomach appear even more flat. 3, pregnant mother body shape if pregnant mother body thin, when the baby gradually grew up, the belly horizontal development will not have the space, so the fetus can only move forward, so, the belly looks will be more pointed. On the contrary, the body is relatively fat pregnant women, the belly looks will be more round. 4, spine shape If the pregnant woman lumbar lordosis sacral vertebra is obvious after convex, is a "butt" body, uterus will move is convex belly tip; most people's body, lumbar lordosis is not obvious, the uterus will not be pushed forward, round belly. 5, abdominal muscle thickness pregnant belly shape and abdominal muscle thickness is also related to. If a pregnant woman is thin and abdominal muscle strength is poor, can not bear the pressure of uterine lordosis, pregnant belly is just the tip of the abdominal muscles; if the pregnant woman is thick and powerful, round belly. 6, pelvic morphology if the pregnant woman's pelvis is relatively shallow or narrow, when the baby grew up, the pelvis can not hold, it will grow to the outside of the pelvis forward, so that the stomach looks more pointed. If the pregnant woman's pelvis is wide and deep, the shape of the stomach will appear to be relatively flat. folk prediction of the boys and girls saying fly it? folk prediction of the boys and girls saying fly it? Listen to what many mothers old folk saying, how many is the reliable? Listen to what the experts say. A statement: fetal heart rate less than 140 BPM, while the baby boy is experts say: the girl's heart rate is higher than the boy, which is only in the newborn is right, the fetal heart rate on boys and girls there is no difference between. The rate of heart rate varies with the age of the embryo. In about 5 weeks of pregnancy, fetal heart rate and heart rate is close to the mother, namely 80-85 / min. And then to the 9 weeks of pregnancy this time heart rate gradually increased to 170-200 / min.. And then to the second trimester during this period and gradually slowed to 120-160 / min.. statement two: pregnant women's abdomen is too big to be a girl, the abdomen is not prominent or the lower abdomen is prominent for the boy experts say: if the pregnant woman's upper body is short, fetal development of the space can only extend outward, so the abdomen will appear to be very large. On the other hand, pregnant women on the height, can provide enough space for fetal development, abdomen without protrusion. three: pregnant women wanted (abdomen) is a boy, the bosom (upper abdominal) is a girl experts say: if the pregnant woman is pregnant, it may be the first time pregnant or pregnant women's body shape is good. When the pregnant women with a pregnancy, abdominal muscle relaxation, again conceived naturally "droop". said: four black boys nipple experts say: the nipple color affected by hormones, increase in pregnancy and progesterone stimulation melanocyte hormone levels, resulting in some parts of the original black body surface when more black, soon will give birth to the child, this phenomenon is nothing and fetal gender relations. said: five girls morning sickness experts say: in 5900 because of early pregnancy and severe morning sickness admissions of pregnant women were investigated, the results showed that the pregnant woman gave birth to her daughter baby's ratio is 56%, the male is 44% baby. But in the mid and late pregnancy serious sickness pregnant women, the sex ratio of baby was similar to that of normal distribution. statement six: "sour spicy girl" experts say: "sour spicy female" argument is no scientific basis. Medically speaking, male or female is mainly decided by nature, the eggs are maternal X chromosome, and the sperm is containing X or Y chromosome, if the sperm enters the egg with the X chromosome, is a girl; if the sperm enters the egg with the Y chromosome, is a boy. so it is said that the birth of a male or female is determined by his father. In a certain sense, there is a relationship between male and female students with the conception of the fertilized egg, also said that with the environment around the fallopian tube.

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